Impact on management science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Impact on management science - Essay Example To answer this question it is necessary to examine the nature of HRM and its role in strategic organizational development and planning. Whilst top management must always accept the need for innovation there is still the decision as to which opportunities it wishes to develop in relation to its resources and those it chooses not to pursue. An effective business strategy depends upon the successful management of opportunities and coordination of HR in order to create a competitive advantage. Taking into account that HRM is not an independent part of business, it is possible to assume that HRM is a strategic activity aimed to respond effectively to changes and business transformations. The basis strategic HRM is that every manager is given a clear idea of the results expected. The human resources function is now highly specialized and perhaps can be said to be at the centre of conflict between labour and capital. They in effect operate on the 'boundary' between the workforce and the organization. Human resource management is that part of the process of management that is concerned with the maintenance of human relationships and ensuring the physical well-being of employees so that they give the maximum contribution to efficient working. It is obviously closely related to the management process as a whole and each functional manager and supervisor applies the principles effectively. Departmental managers, by effective leadership, ensure human resources policy is adhered to and department activities are successfully carried out. Michael Armstrong (2003) proposes the following definition of HRM: " the concept of HRM could be regarded as a philosophy governing how employees should be treated in the interests of the organization. But this philosophy can be applied in many different ways and there is no single model which can be used to describe HRM (p 23)" A logical approach to the consideration of this function is to look first of all at the problem of overall company organization and manpower planning, then the operations necessary to implement the plan, that is, recruitment and selection, training and development, and wage and salary administration. Other aspects of human resource management include industrial relations and the law of employment, welfare and safety, and other employee services. The importance is that the process of HRM is extremely important and continues to advance rapidly and change becomes imperative. When an organization develops a highly committed work force, coupled with enlightened management, its self-managed multifunction teams will be able to take on the challenges of the future (Price, 2004). Driven Forces of Strategic Intent to Planning Social Change as a Driven Force of Strategic Intent in HRM Social change creates new HR policies and training needs. For example, as more people travel abroad and experience the high levels of customer service in North America and the Far East they become more demanding in their expectations for customer service at home. As a further example, in society women's right to occupy jobs at the highest levels in companies and institutions. Both these examples indicate the need for HR training, the first in customer care skills and the second in management skills for women. In this situation, training is a strategic tool of the entire organization realized

The Linguistic Acquisition Device Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Linguistic Acquisition Device - Essay Example He was able to give an evident account of the case of Victor of Aveyron who showed severe difficulty in developing language skills after years of isolation in the woods where he only interacted with animals. Subsequent observed improvement in language acquisition by Victor of Aveyron and a similar case of Genie in the United States seemed to provide reliable backup towards the theories of Chomsky. In the two cases of feral children, isolation from human interaction at childhood was attributed to the slow rate of language acquisition. The film Secret of the wild child is a reflection of how one United States girl commonly known as Genie was discovered in 1970 after suffering from physical abuse over a decade of isolation. The ensuing efforts to make her learn language proved difficult to achieve and this led to the advance element of Critical Period Hypothesis. In this theory, it is emphasized that there is a period mostly from infancy to adolescence when a human being has the highest potential of gaining native language competency. Outside this time limit, a child will experience severe difficulty in learning a language. The case of Genie who was discovered having been isolated for more than the critical age was an evidence of this research finding. This theory further asserts why adults find it difficult to learn the language than children as they have exceeded the critical period. After 13 years of isolation and deprivation, the mother of Genie left her abusive husband.Her mother, grandmother and herself had gone into the Social Welfare office in Temple City, California, to learn about resources for the blind in November 1970. It is at this point that a social worker grew curious over the possibly abnormal posture of the young girl who also looked younger than her actual age. The social worker’s initial thought of autism of the girl compelled her to enquire and subsequently.

Burnout on the workplace Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Burnout on the workplace - Term Paper Example It was just the result of my perceptions of the job I was doing. The very fundamental work-philosophy I learned was that a worker can work as long and hard as he wants if he is really able to enjoy the work. When I tried to with confidence and hope that I can meet what the company entrusted on me, I became physically and mentally strong and that in turn helped me overcome burnout. For my colleagues and team members, it was amazing how one who was burnout has almost turned to be one of the high-performing worker. When I successfully overcome the burnout, I could really help other six members in my team establish confidence and become strong both physically and mentally in performing their tasks as well. Stress is a mental and physical condition resulting from the perceived threat of danger. The factors leading to it may vary from organization to organization. As I observed, the main sources of the stress are:- Motivation itself is a tool to reduce employee burnout and stress. When an employee is found to have experienced burnout, the manager should, as first step, identify those jobs with the highest potential for burnout. For the manager to motivate his employees and help them find their jobs interesting, he may go for redesigning the jobs, clarifying their expectations, changing work schedules, ensuring better working condition etc. A normal reason for burnout is excessive demand of the organization, but this can be overcome by motivating employees to schedule their tasks, plan what things to be done first or which particular activity should be given priority etc. If the employee can meet the expectations, he becomes both physically and mentally stronger and then as a result becomes enthusiastic in the job he is doing. Becoming happier in the job is the right-path to free from

Volunteer Turnover of a Sporting Club Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Volunteer Turnover of a Sporting Club - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that football has successfully outmaneuvered many other team sports, such as ice hockey, basketball or handball, and has been accepted as the number one sport with regard to media attention and audience reception worldwide. The non-profit organization makes arrangements for the conducting of sports in order to generate money for some charitable purposes. Since these sports events are not conducted with any profit motifs behind them, volunteers are invited to participate in them for the recreation of the public on the one hand, and for some noble social cause on the other. Consequently, players, spectators and staff members attend the sporting club as regular participants and generate huge donations for the club. Since the staff and workforce play most important part in the development of an organization, decline in the volunteer turnover is really startling for the CEO, who has to make quick action in respect of exploring the reasons behind t he decrease in volunteer turnover. For this purpose, he should conduct interviews from the volunteers in order to extract the reasons behind their leaving the voluntary organization. The first question included in the interview would be decline in their interest as volunteers. The main reason behind asking the very question is the exploration of the causes that drift the fresh graduates away from the organization. The answer could be low salary, less growth opportunities and low social status as well. It is therefore the graduates will feel proud and delighted to work at Microsoft Corporation, but will not demonstrate any enthusiasm while working at the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, though both are owned by the same person. Macionis states that the non-profit organizations provide limited growth and exposure opportunities, which are not attractive and fascinating for the youth. Another important reason behind leaving the non-profit organization is this that all staff members wo rk against almost the same positions, and there are very dismal chances of promotion and salary increase. Thirdly, the voluntary clubs require very hard efforts from the staff members in order to generate money from different contacts and sectors on the on hand, and to keep the ball of struggle rolling for the social welfare purposes on the other. Somehow, in order to retain the volunteers at the sporting club, the CEO will highlight the benefits of the welfare and development of society. He will infuse new spark of hope and courage in them by stating that they are the distinguished individuals that would bring positive changes and revolutionary alterations within their social establishment by dint of their innate talent, hard work and dedication to the noble cause. The CEO will also reveal the benefits of sports and games, which keep the society healthy, vigorous and efficient. In addition, he will encourage them by stating that they are accomplishing the Herculean task by promotin g sports and recreation on charity basis, which will earn name, fame and respect for them for the future years to come.

Types of Services Essay Example for Free

Types of Services Essay The layout, menu, inventory, food prices and decoration of the restaurant determined by the services style. The service style of a restaurant depends on personal preferences, target market and location. Fine dining offers the finest food, services and atmosphere to the customers. Many people choose fine dining for a special occasion, so food should not disappoint, either in the selection or quality. No need to have an extensive menu, but it should be interesting, and offer unique dishes that customers cannot find in any other restaurant. Good food, drinks and wine should be extremely superior to anything offered at other restaurants and wine should be paired with the desire dishes and complement to customer’s menu. Also have prix fixe or limited menu that change on weekly or daily basis which allows people to buy seasonal items. In this kind of restaurant customer service is more attentive than in casual dining. Fine dining services goes far beyond taking an order and deliver food. Also provide the other services like crumbling the table between courses, replace linen napkin, explain menu without notes. Fine dining restaurant attract the people like business man, couples, family, tourist. These specific groups are focused because these are the people who frequent other restaurants and bar in the area also they are willing to spend their money on good dining and service at a value price. Cuisine History China has a civilized history of 5,000 years and Chinese cuisine has evolved over time. Chinese Cuisine enjoys high reputation in the world due to its abundance and exquisite, delicious taste and charming appearance. The Chinese food varies from local ingredient, climate, customs and cultures, so there are widely diverse food styles and taste in local regions. Chinese cuisine is any of several styles of food originating in the regions of China, some of which have become highly popular in other parts of the world.as early as the 7th century B.C Chinese cuisine began to be separated as southern and northern cuisine. Southern dishes emphasize freshness and tenderness. Northern dishes have more fat and garlic which is offset with vinegar, due to its cold weather. Its cooking techniques, preparation, serving and appreciation of food have been developed to the highest level. Cooking has occupied an important position in Chinese culture throughout its history. Chinese culture considers cooking as â€Å"an art and a science†. Rich and poor, the Chinese people consider that delicious and nutritious food is a basic necessity. There is an old Chinese saying â€Å"Food is the first necessity of the people†. Preparation method Stir frying The most frequently used method is stir frying. this method cooks processed ingredients at high heat for short period. Edible oil is used as the heat conductor. Because of short period of time, ingredients keep their nutrition value. Stir frying meat is juicy and testy , vegetables are tender and crispy. Deep frying This method uses more edible oil than stir fry, producing crisp textured food. In this method, cut the ingredients in small pieces, soak them in seasoning for a while, coat with corn starch, then fry in hot deep oil over medium heat. Shallow frying Shallow fried dishes are rather tender inside, appearing golden or slightly burnt outside. First cut the ingredients in slice or flat pieces and rubbed with seasoning. For crispiness, ingredients coated with cornstarch. Ingredients should be fried one side first and then turn to other. Braising In this method cooks ingredients over medium heat in small amount of sauce and simmering for short time of period. Also known as Hong Shao when the sauce is based on soy sauce. Boiling This is the simplest method among all the methods. It is used for small sized and soft ingredients, mostly for the vegetable soups like egg and tomato and tofu soup. It takes shorter time than braising. Prepared ingredients placed in wok with water and seasonings when the surface of the water is agitated by bubbles. Steaming This is the special method invented in china. It is used for steaming dumplings and buns in north china. In this method, place the ingredients in a steamer basket which is placed over water in a steamer pot. Roasting Roasting is to cook the food over the open flame of charcoal or in oven. To roast food, the ingredients must be cleaned, seasoned and basted with edible oil in order to reduce the loss of moisture in the ingredients during the roasting process. Regional differences within the country â€Å"There is no single Chinese diet but a wide variety of diets across the country that varies with ethnic and geographic differences.† Chinese cuisine is divided into two distinct styles northern and southern. There is a plenty of regional diversity between southern and northern region in the country’s cuisine also plenty of customs and traditions associated with the preparing and consumption of food. Northern cuisine is characterized by its extensive use of oil but the food itself is not cloyed. Northern people believe that the use of vinegar and garlic make the food delicious and tasty. There are many northern dishes that revolve around pasta. Northern popular dishes are ravioli-dumplings, noodles, steamed stuffed buns, steamed bread and fried meat dumplings. The areas of Tientsin and Shantung are the regions that are known for making use of Northern style cooking.in north Beijing jiaozi, Peking duck, Chinese traditional dumpling. Jiaozi is filled with pork and vegetables but it can be varied by the fruits or chestnuts. In history Peking duck is served to important and wealthy during the Qing dynasty. In southern style cooking people are used to use chili papers making the food more peppery and the food in general is known to possess tenderness and freshness. It doesn’t mean that all the food prepared in south is peppery, people can choose food according to their taste. Rice dishes like rice cake, noodles and congee are very popular in southern style cooking. In south, food taste is varies according to cities like people in shanghai like to eat sweet, Wuhan people like to eat peppery taste, some people in other cities like to eat salty food. In south, Guangdong region is famous for its light flavor and cooking technique and another creation of this region is dim sum which is small bite sized appetizer food.

Mind game Essay Example for Free

Mind game Essay Interrogation is a mind game. I will set up a friendly environment where the suspect feels comfortable to gain his trust and becomes receptive to my questions. I will play with his thoughts and emotions that perhaps what he did was unintentional or a result of unavoidable circumstance. I will not directly put the blame on the suspect but will make him fully understand the moral seriousness of the crime. Furthermore, I will tell him that there is overwhelming physical evidence that would implicate him to the crime and that there are witnesses and fingerprints found in the crime scene, even if I have to make a bluff. Then I will offer him different theories to what happened, one more justifiable than the other. Whichever he chose, guilt is already admitted. Preparation is essential for a successful interrogation. First, the surrounding should be conducive without distractions and guarantees privacy. This will also give me the opportunity to analyze the body language of the suspect. I will study the case facts which will be the basis for my questionings. My knowledge about the crime can somehow persuade the suspect to tell the truth. In addition, I will also study the personal background information of both the victim and suspect, more so about the suspect’s feelings, attitudes, and values. Finally, I will resolve the details of the documentation like forms, audiotape, and videos so that the interrogation process is not disrupted. The Miranda warning has adversely affected the procedures of police work. In its report Handcuffing the Cops: Miranda’s Harmful Effects on Law Enforcement, the National Center for Policy Analysis disclosed that the warning caused a significant drop in confessions. With few confessions, police have difficulty in solving crimes. Therefore, the Supreme Court should suspend Miranda for crime prevention to be effective and detect early terrorism threats. References Cassell, P. G. (1998). Handcuffing the Cops: Miranda’s Harmful Effects on Law Enforcement. National Center for Policy Analysis. NCPA Policy Report No. 218, August 1998. ISBN #1-56808-040-9 Fleisher, W L. Gordon, N. J. (2001). Effective Interviewing and Interrogation Techniques. Academic Press, New York. 1st edition. ISBN-10: 0122603818 Inbau, F. E. , Reid, J. E. , Buckley, J. P. Jayne, B. C. (2004). Essentials of the Reid Technique: Criminal Interrogation and Confessions. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc. , MA. ISBN-10: 0763727288

Pediatric Trauma Scoring System in Predicting Mortality

Pediatric Trauma Scoring System in Predicting Mortality PEDIATRIC TRAUMA SCORE AS PREDICTOR OF OUTCOME OF PATIENTS ADMITTED TO CENTRALIZED SURGICAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT IN A GOVERNMENT TERTIARY HOSPITAL: A RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY I. Justification of the Study Intensive trauma care of pediatric patients is faced with many issues such as quality of care, efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Scoring systems such as the Pediatric Trauma Score can aid in clinical decision making through objective measurement of severity of illness in relation to a particular outcome such as mortality or morbidity. In particular, scoring systems have become the standard for intensive care unit outcome and efficiency benchmarking. Furthermore, there is considerable difference between clinicians prognostication estimates. Early identification of patients with high probability of mortality can help families with difficult decisions, prevent unnecessary suffering and help direct limited resources to a more practical use. Thus, this study will investigate the use of a simple Pediatric Trauma Scoring system in predicting mortality. II. Relationships of research objectives, data substrates, operationally-defined variables and data analyses. Objective Data Substrates Operationally-defined variables Analyses To compare the outcome of patients to pediatric trauma score Pediatric trauma score sheet Pediatric Trauma Score Mortality rate per category of Pediatric Trauma Score Rate of patients with Prolonged Hospital Stay per category of Pediatric Trauma Score Relationship of outcome of patient (mortality and prolonged hospital stay) to pediatric trauma score TOPIC BACKGROUND Intensive trauma care of pediatric patients is faced with many issues such as quality of care, efficiency and cost-effectiveness.1 Quantitative observations of severity of illness in pediatric trauma using scoring systems has the potential to impact overall evaluation from baseline presentation to case endpoints.2 Scoring systems have become the standard for intensive care unit outcome and efficiency benchmarking.1 Early identification of patients with high probability of mortality can help families with difficult decisions, prevent unnecessary suffering and help direct limited resources to a more practical use.1 A Pediatric Trauma Score (PTS) was developed with grading variables commonly seen in pediatric trauma accounting for the unique physiological and anatomical nature. The PTS consists of six variables. Each variable is scored +2 for minimal or no injury, +1 for minor or potentially major injury, or -1 for major or life-threatening injury. The total score ranges from +12 to -6 with increasing severity.3 Scoring systems such as the Pediatric Trauma Score can aid in clinical decision making through objective measurement of severity of illness in relation to a particular outcome such as mortality or morbidity.4 Several studies revealed consistently the direct linear relationship between Pediatric Trauma Score and injury severity thereby confirming that P.T.S. is an effective predictor of both severity of injury and potential for mortality.5 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Most of the scoring systems are not appropriate for pediatric trauma patients. Variables such as respiratory rate, heart rate, and systolic blood pressure differ with infancy and childhood. In addition, the verbal response as used in GCS is not applicable for young children. For these reasons, Tepas and colleagues3 created the Pediatric Trauma Score (PTS). The authors stated that weight becomes a variable because pediatric patients had fewer physiologic reserve. Systolic blood pressure, patency of airway, level of consciousness, presence of wounds or fractures were variables included. 3 The presence of these injuries suggests severe energy transfer and positively correlates with concomitant visceral injury.10 Below is the Pediatric Trauma Score. Pediatric Trauma Score +2 +1 -1 Weight >20kg 10-20 kg Airway Patent Maintanable Unmaintainable Systolic B/P >90 mmHg 50-90 mmHg CNS Awake + LOC Unresponsive Fractures None Closed or suspected Multiple, closed or open Wounds None Minor Major, penetrating or burns The assessment of severity of illness as well as mortality predictive value of the Pediatric Trauma Score (P.T.S.) was evaluated in several studies with different conclusions. In a study by Tepas, three categories of patients with probability of mortality were identified. Pediatric trauma score of greater than 8 had a 0% mortality while pediatric trauma score between 0 and 8 had an increasing mortality related to their decreasing pediatric trauma score. Score of less than 0 had 100% mortality. This study documented the direct linear relationship between Pediatric Trauma Score and injury severity validating that P.T.S. is an effective predictor of both severity of injury and risk for mortality.5 Consistent with the findings of the latter, Ramenonofsky compared the evaluation of pediatric trauma patients by paramedic in the field versus the physician in the emergency room using the Pediatric Trauma Score. There was agreement between the scores of these two individuals 93.6% of the time, correlation coefficient 0.991, r2 = 0.982. The sensitivity and specificity of Pediatric Trauma Score was computed at 95.8% and 98.6%, respectively. He described Pediatric Tra uma Scoring System as a straightforward modality for assessing the severity of injury.6 Eichelberge examined the applicability of the PTS found significant correlations with survival, Injury Severity Score (ISS) and mortality. 8 On the other hand, the use of PTS as a predictor of mortality was found to be inadequate in a retrospective study by Balik. Size classification was noted to be overemphasized because of the low mortality (7.7%) in children less than 10 kg. Forty-nine of 71 surgically treated patients with intra-abdominal organ injuries had a PTS >8. The existing variables of PTS did not have equal relationships to mortality.7 Critics have also noted that the PTS suffers from scoring ambiguity leading to misinterpretation and inadequate scoring.11 Problem also arises due to a systematic bias in scoring. For example, the assessment of a patient’s consciousness can be done at the scene or on admission to the emergency department. 12 Despite exhaustive review of the literature on Pediatric Trauma Scoring, there has been no mention of the predictive value of Pediatric Trauma Scoring done on patients upon entry to an ICU. Conclusion of studies on Pediatric Trauma Score may be less generalizable due to possible variability in settings.9 RESEARCH QUESTION Among pediatric trauma patients admitted to Centralized Surgical Intensive Care Unit in Davao Regional Hospital, what is the relationship of outcome of patients to pediatric trauma score using a retrospective cohort study? SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Investigating the reliability of Pediatric Trauma Scoring system in predicting mortality and prolonged hospital stay is important. The results of this study can be a validation of earlier studies made on this scoring system as a tool in objective measurement of severity of illness as well as an intensive care unit outcome and efficiency benchmarking. OBJECTIVES To determine the pediatric trauma score of all patients and classify as to pediatric trauma score category of greater than 8, 0 to 8 and less than 0 To determine the mortality rate per pediatric trauma score category of greater than 8, 0 to 8 and less than 0 To determine the survival rate per pediatric trauma score category of greater than 8, 0 to 8 and less than 0 To determine the rate of pediatric trauma patients with prolonged hospital stay per pediatric trauma score category of greater than 8, 0 to 8 and less than 0 among surviving patients To determine the risk for mortality or prolonged hospital stay among pediatric trauma patients per pediatric trauma score category of greater than 8, 0 to 8 and less than 0 METHODOLOGY RESEARCH DESIGN A retrospective cohort study of all pediatric trauma patients admitted to Centralized Surgical Intensive Care Unit between January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2013 in Davao Regional Hospital will be conducted. SETTING This study will be conducted in Davao Regional Hospital (DRH), a tertiary hospital with 250-bed capacity, in Tagum City. The Centralized Surgical Intensive Care Unit (CENSICU) is an intensive care unit for adult and pediatric surgical patients in Davao Regional Hospital. The Department of Surgery of Davao Regional Hospital is a member of the Mindanao Integrated Surgical Residency Training Program under the Department of Health, Region XI. PARTICIPANTS All pediatric trauma patients admitted to CENSICU in Davao Regional Hospital between January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2013 will be retrospectively included in the study. INCLUSION CRITERIA All patients admitted to Centralized Surgical Intensive Care Unit due to trauma All patients aged less than 14 years old EXCLUSION CRITERIA Patients discharged against medical advice Patients transferred to another hospital OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS Traumaan injury to any site of the body described as multiple or single (neck, thorax, abdomen or extremeties) site caused by an extrinsic, blunt or penetrating agent Pediatric trauma patients-patients aged less than 14 years old admitted due to trauma Pediatric Non-Trauma patients- patients aged less than 14 years old admitted for surgical intervention of non-trauma cause (example: intestinal obstruction due to Hirschsprungs disease, massive pleural effusion due to malignancy) Prolonged Hospital Stay-length of hospital stay is more than 14 days with or without surgical intervention DATA GATHERING All pediatric trauma patients admitted to Centralized Surgical Intensive Care Unit (CENSICU) in Davao Regional Hospital between January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2013 will be identified from the admission logbook in the CENSICU of Davao Regional Hospital. The patients will be identified using the inclusion and exclusion criteria . The list of patients will be submitted to Medical Records Section of Davao Regional Hospital for chart retrieval. The charts will be reviewed for the following data will be gathered from each patient: age in years, sex, length of hospital stay in days, weight in kilograms, systolic blood pressure in mmHg, patency of airway, loss of consciousness, presence of fractures and wounds. After calculating the Pediatric Trauma Score of each patient, the category of Pediatric Trauma Score (PTS greater than 8, PTS between 0 to 8, or PTS less than 0) can be determined. In addition, the outcome of the patient will be determined as to: Mortality With prolonged hospital stay among surviving patients MaIN OUTCOME MEASURES AND OTHER DEPENDENT VARIABLES The primary outcome is the mortality rate of admitted patients categorized per pediatric trauma score of greater than 8, pediatric trauma score of 0 to 8 and pediatric score of less than 0, respectively. The secondary outcomes are the following: Number of pediatric trauma patients categorized per pediatric trauma score of greater than 8, pediatric trauma score of 0 to 8 and pediatric score of less than 0, respectively Survival rate of admitted patients categorized per pediatric trauma score of greater than 8, pediatric trauma score of 0 to 8 and pediatric score of less than 0 Rate of surviving pediatric trauma patients with prolonged hospital stay per pediatric trauma score category of greater than 8, 0 to 8 and less than 0 INDEPENDENT VARIABLE The identified independent variables include age, sex, weight in kilograms, length of hospital stay, patency of airway, systolic blood pressure in mmHg, level of consciousness, presence of fractures and minor or major wounds. SAMPLE SIZE COMPUTATION Sample size for this study was computed using Epi Info 7 StatCalc. Calculations were based on the assumptions that: 1) the ratio of patients unexposed to the risk factor (i.e., PTS greater than 8) to patients exposed to the risk factor (i.e., PTS 8 or less) is 3; and 2) the prevalence of the outcome (i.e., death) in the unexposed group is 15%. Estimations were done in order for the study to detect an odds ratio of 5 as statistically significant. In a computation for odds ratio carried out with 5% level of significance, a sample size of 79 patients will have 80% power of rejecting the null hypothesis (no significant increase or decrease in odds ratio) if the alternative holds. DATA HANDLING AND ANALYSIS Clinical characteristics (age in years, sex, weight in grams, length of hospital stay), systolic blood pressure in mmHg, patency of airway, loss of consciousness, presence of fractures and wounds, and Pediatric Trauma scores of patients will be compared statistically. A p value will be computed to establish whether the difference in the values were significant or not. A p value The Pediatric Trauma Score of each patient will be calculated and the category of Pediatric Trauma Score (PTS greater than 8, PTS between 0 to 8, or PTS less than 0) to which the patient belongs will be determined. The total number of patients in each category will be evaluated. Outcome (mortality rate or survival rate) of each patient belonging to a particular category will be tallied and each frequency computed. Among surviving patients, length of stay will be evaluated as to prolonged (>14 days) or not prolonged. Rate of surviving patients with prolonged hospital stay will be determined. Risk of mortality as well as prolonged hospital stay among surviving patients will be expressed in odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval.